Bava Metzia 63

Chapter 63

א תרי מגו תלתא ואי נמי תרי סהדי דפלגת באפי בי תלתא
1 two out of the three,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who shall testify that the division was made in the presence of three, including themselves. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב א"ל מנא לך הא א"ל דתנן אם יש שם ב"ד מתנה בפניהם אין שם ב"ד בפני מי יתנה שלו קודם
2 or else two witnesses that you did divide in the presence of three [others].'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In each case the three would constitute a Beth din to ensure that the stock was rightly assessed and a fair division made. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ג א"ל מי דמי התם דמפיק ממונא מהאי ומותיב להאי בעינן ב"ד אבל הכא דידיה שקלי גילוי מילתא בעלמא הוא בתרי סגי ליה תדע דתנן אלמנה מוכרת שלא בפני ב"ד
3 'How do you know this?' he asked him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That three are necessary. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ד אמר ליה אביי ולאו מי אתמר עלה אמר רב יוסף בר מניומי אמר ר"נ אלמנה אינה צריכה ב"ד של מומחין אבל צריכה בית דין של הדיוטות:
4 — He replied. 'Because we learnt. IF A <i>BETH DIN</i> IS PRESENT, HE MAY STIPULATE IN THEIR PRESENCE; BUT IF THERE IS NO <i>BETH DIN</i> BEFORE WHOM TO STIPULATE, HIS OWN TAKES PRECEDENCE.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And a Beth din implies three. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ה <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> מצאה ברפת אין חייב בה ברה"ר חייב בה ואם היתה בבית הקברות לא יטמא לה אם אמר לו אביו היטמא או שאמר לו אל תחזיר לא ישמע לו
5 'What comparison is there?' he retorted. 'In that case, Seeing that money is being taken from one and given to another, a <i>Beth din</i> is needed;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It is so regarded because the Mishnah states that actually he is only entitled to the pay of an unemployed worker, hence, when he stipulates that he is to receive more, and the stipulation is allowed, it is the equivalent of taking money from one and giving it another. — The power of a Beth din to do this is based on the principle, hefker by Beth din is hefker, i.e., Beth din is empowered to abrogate a person's rights in his own property, and declare it ownerless; therefore the court can also take from one and give to another, ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ו פרק וטען פרק וטען אפילו ארבעה וחמשה פעמים חייב שנאמר (שמות כג, ה) עזב תעזב
6 but here I took my own, and mere proof [is required that I shared fairly]; hence two are sufficient. In proof thereof we learnt: A widow may sell [of her deceased husband's estate] without the presence of <i>Beth din</i>!'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For her alimony, and only two witnesses are required to see that she does not sell unreasonably below value. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ז הלך וישב לו ואמר הואיל ועליך מצוה אם רצונך לפרוק פרוק פטור שנאמר עמו אם היה זקן או חולה חייב
7 — Said Abaye to him, 'But was it not stated thereon: R. Joseph b. Manyumi said in R. Nahman's name: A widow does not need a <i>Beth din</i> of ordained scholars, but a <i>Beth din</i> of laymen is necessary?'
ח מצוה מן התורה לפרוק אבל לא לטעון ר"ש אומר אף לטעון
8 <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. IF HE FINDS IT [AN ANIMAL] IN A STABLE, HE HAS NO RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD IT [TO RETURN IT];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is discussed in the Gemara. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ט רבי יוסי הגלילי אומר אם היה עליו יתר על משאו אין זקוק לו שנאמר תחת משאו משאוי שיכול לעמוד בו:
9 IN THE STREET, HE IS OBLIGED [TO RETURN IT]. BUT IF IT IS IN A CEMETERY, HE MUST NOT DEFILE HIMSELF FOR IT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If he is a priest. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
י <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> אמר רבא רפת שאמרו אינה מתעה ואינה משמרת אינה מתעה מדקתני אינו חייב בה ואינה משמרת מדאיצטריך למיתני אינו חייב בה
10 IF HIS FATHER ORDERS HIM TO DEFILE HIMSELF, OR SAYS TO HIM, 'DO NOT RETURN [IT].' HE MUST NOT OBEY HIM. IF ONE UNLOADS AND LOADS, UNLOADS AND LOADS, EVEN FOUR OR FIVE TIMES, HE IS [STILL] BOUND [TO DO IT AGAIN], BECAUSE IT IS WRITTEN, THOU SHALT SURELY HELP [WITH HIM].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIII, 5. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
יא דאי סלקא דעתך משמרת השתא משכח לה אבראי מעייל לה לגואי משכח לה מגואי מבעיא אלא שמע מינה אינה משמרת שמע מינה:
11 IF HE [THE OWNER OF THE ANIMAL] WENT, SAT DOWN AND SAID [TO THE PASSER-BY], 'SINCE THE OBLIGATION RESTS UPON YOU, IF YOU DESIRE TO UNLOAD, UNLOAD:' HE [THE PASSER-BY] IS EXEMPT, BECAUSE IT IS SAID, 'WITH HIM'; YET IF HE [THE OWNER] WAS OLD OR INFIRM HE IS BOUND [TO DO IT HIMSELF]. THERE IS A BIBLICAL PRECEPT TO UNLOAD, BUT NOT TO LOAD. R. SIMEON SAID: TO LOAD UP TOO. R. JOSE THE GALILEAN SAID: IF IT [THE ANIMAL] BORE MORE THAN HIS PROPER BURDEN, HE [THE PASSER-BY] HAS NO OBLIGATION TOWARDS HIM [ITS OWNER], BECAUSE IT IS WRITTEN, [IF THOU SEE THE ASS OF HIM THAT HATETH THEE LYING] UNDER ITS BURDEN, WHICH MEANS, A BURDEN UNDER WHICH IT CAN STAND.
יב מצאה ברפת אינו חייב: א"ר יצחק והוא שעומדת תוך לתחום מכלל דברשות הרבים ואפילו בתוך התחום נמי חייב
12 <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Raba said: The STABLE referred to is one which neither causes [the animal] to stray nor is it guarded.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., it is in such a position that there is nothing to cause the animal to run away; on the other hand, it is unlocked, and there is nothing to prevent it from going. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
יג איכא דמתני לה אסיפא ברה"ר חייב בה אמר רבי יצחק והוא שעומדת חוץ לתחום מכלל דברפת אפילו עומדת חוץ לתחום נמי אינו חייב בה:
13 It does not cause it to stray: since it is taught: HE HAS NO RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS IT [TO RETURN IT]; nor is it guarded, since it is necessary to teach HE HAS NO RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD IT. For should you think that it is guarded: Seeing that if he finds it outside he takes it inside;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., into a stable, and that is sufficient, as stated supra 31a, that he can simply take it into the owner's garden or ruins. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
יד בבית הקברות לא יטמא לה: ת"ר מנין שאם אמר לו אביו היטמא או שאמר לו אל תחזיר שלא ישמע לו שנאמר (ויקרא יט, ג) איש אמו ואביו תיראו ואת שבתותי תשמרו אני ה' כולכם חייבין בכבודי
14 if he finds it inside, is it necessary to state [that he is not bound to return it]? But it must follow that it is unguarded. This proves it.
טו טעמא דכתב רחמנא את שבתותי תשמרו הא לאו הכי הוה אמינא צייתא ליה ואמאי האי עשה והאי לא תעשה ועשה ולא אתי עשה ודחי את לא תעשה ועשה
15 IF HE FINDS IT IN A STABLE, HE HAS NO RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD IT. R. Isaac said: Provided that it is standing within the tehum.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A sabbath day's journey. i.e., 2000 cubits without the town boundary. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
טז איצטריך ס"ד אמינא הואיל והוקש כיבוד אב ואם לכבודו של מקום שנאמר כאן (שמות כ, יא) כבד את אביך ואת אמך ונאמר להלן (משלי ג, ט) כבד את ה' מהונך הלכך לציית ליה קמ"ל דלא לשמע ליה:
16 Hence it follows that [if he finds it] in the street, even within the tehum, he is still bound [to return it]. Others refer this to the second clause, IN THE STREET, HE IS OBLIGED [TO RETURN IT]. R. Isaac observed: Providing that it is standing within the tehum: hence it follows that [if he finds it] in a stable, even without the tehum, he is still under no obligation.
יז מצוה מן התורה לפרוק אבל לא לטעון: מאי אבל לא לטעון אילימא אבל לא לטעון כלל מאי שנא פריקה דכתיב עזב תעזב עמו טעינה נמי הכתיב (דברים כב, ד) הקם תקים עמו
17 IF IT IS IN A CEMETERY, HE MUST NOT DEFILE HIMSELF FOR IT. Our Rabbis taught: Whence do we know that if his father said to him, 'Defile yourself', or 'Do not return it', he must disobey him? Because it is written, Ye shall fear every man his mother, and his father, and keep my Sabbaths: I am the Lord your God<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev, XIX, 3. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
יח אלא מצוה מן התורה לפרוק בחנם ולא לטעון בחנם אלא בשכר ר"ש אומר אף לטעון בחנם תנינא להא דת"ר פריקה בחנם טעינה בשכר ר"ש אומר זו וזו בחנם
18 — ye are all bound to honour Me.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., though every man must fear — i.e., reverence and obey his parents — his duty to God overrides his duty to them. The verse is therefore rendered thus: Ye shall fear every man his mother and his father; nevertheless (should they order you to desecrate the Sabbath), ye shall keep my Sabbaths, because I am the Lord your God. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
יט מאי טעמייהו דרבנן דאי ס"ד כר"ש לכתוב רחמנא טעינה ולא בעי פריקה ואנא אמינא ומה טעינה דלית בה צער בעלי חיים וליכא חסרון כיס חייב פריקה דאית בה צער בעלי חיים וחסרון כיס לא כל שכן אלא למאי הלכתא כתביה רחמנא לומר לך פריקה בחנם טעינה בשכר
19 Thus, the reason is that Scripture wrote, ye shall keep my Sabbaths;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. preceding note. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
כ ורבי שמעון מאי טעמא משום דלא מסיימי קראי
20 otherwise, however, I would have said that he has to obey him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' His father, when he tells him not to return lost property. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
כא ורבנן אמאי לא מסיימי קראי הכא כתיב רובץ תחת משאו התם כתיב נופלין בדרך דרמו אינהו וטעונייהו באורחא משמע ורבי שמעון נופלין בדרך אינהו וטעונייהו עלוייהו משמע
21 But why so? One is a positive command, and the other is both a positive and a negative command,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To obey one's parents is a positive command, as has just been quoted. To return lost property is a positive command — thou shalt surely restore it — and a negative injunction — thou mayest not hide thyself (Deut. XXII, 1, 3). ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
כב אמר רבא
22 and a positive command cannot supersede [combined] positive and negative commands! — It is necessary. I might think, Since the honour due to parents is equated to that due to the Omnipresent, for it is said, Honour thy father and thy mother;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XX, 12. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> whilst elsewhere it is said: Honour the Lord with thy substance;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. III. 9: the fact that the same language is used of both shews that they are likened to each other. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> therefore he must obey him. Hence we are informed that he must not obey him. THERE IS A BIBLICAL PRECEPT TO UNLOAD, BUT NOT TO LOAD. What is meant by — 'BUT NOT TO LOAD'? Shall we say, not to load at all: wherein does unloading differ, because it is written, <i>Thou shalt surely help him</i>?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIII, 5. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> Yet in respect to loading, too, it is said, <i>thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again</i>!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXII, 4. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> But [it means this:] It is a Biblical obligation to unload without remuneration, but not to load without payment, save only for remuneration. R. Simeon said: To load too without payment. We have [thus] learnt here what our Rabbis taught: Unloading [must be done] without pay; unloading, for pay. R. Simeon said: Both without payment. What is the reason of the Rabbis? — For should you think it is as R. Simeon: let Scripture state loading, and unloading becomes unnecessary; for I would reason: If one is bound to load, though no suffering of dumb animals nor financial loss is involved;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra p. 193. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> how much more so unloading, seeing that both suffering of dumb animals and financial loss are involved!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When the animal falls under its burden and help is needed to unload it. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> Then for what purpose is it written? To teach you that unloading must be performed without payment, but loading only for payment. And what is R. Simeon's reason? — Because the verses are not explicit.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 194, n. 3. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> And the Rabbis?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How do they rebut this argument? ');"><sup>25</sup></span> — Why [say,] The verses are not explicit? Here it is written, [<i>If thou see the ass&nbsp;…] lying under his burden</i>;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIII. 5: this certainly implies that the burden is still upon it, and help is required for unloading. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> whilst there it is said, [Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox] fall down by the way, which implies, both they and their burdens are cast on the road.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And help is required to reload them. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> And R. Simeon?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How can he maintain that the verses are not explicit? ');"><sup>28</sup></span> — 'Fall down by the way' implies they themselves [the animals], their load being still upon them. Raba said: